The data suggest that age is an important factor in both caffeine and taurine toxicity. Key data from animal studies are summarized to highlight both reported benefits and adverse effects reported following acute and chronic exposures. The differential and combinatorial effects of caffeine and taurine on the developing brain are reviewed here with an emphasis on the adolescent brain, which is still maturing. An additional risk has been noted among college-aged consumers of energy drinks who appear at higher risk of over-consumption of alcohol when the two drinks are consumed together. Energy drink consumption by children has raised concerns, due to potential caffeine toxicity. Energy drinks contain a variety of ingredients, but many of the top-selling brands include high doses of caffeine and the amino acid taurine. 2020 12(9):2524.Energy drinks are emerging as a major component of the beverage market with sales projected to top $60 billion globally in the next five years. Potential of chlorella as a dietary supplement to promote human health. Spirulina.īito T, Okumura E, Fujishima M, Watanabe F. C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Romay C, González R, Ledón N, Remirez D, Rimbau V. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoproteins.
Nielsen CH, Balachandran P, Christensen O, et al. Determining the role of SGLT2 inhibition with Empagliflozin in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Matthews J, Herat L, Rooney J, Rakoczy E, Schlaich M, Matthews VB. Effects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MH. Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Karkos PD, Leong SC, Karkos CD, Sivaji N, Assimakopoulos DA. The hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective pilot study. Mazokopakis EE, Papadomanolaki MG, Fousteris AA, Kotsiris DA, Lampadakis IM, Ganotakis ES. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. (Spirulina)With potential anticancer activities: a systematic review. da Silva G, da Silva ALF, de Lima LRA, Bezerra RP, de AV Marques D. The effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hamedifard Z, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Taghizadeh M, Kolahdooz F, Asemi Z. Effect of spirulina supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Machowiec P, Ręka G, Maksymowicz M, Piecewicz-Szczęsna H, Smoleń A. Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Naeini F, Zarezadeh M, Mohiti S, Tutunchi H, Ebrahimi Mamaghani M, Ostadrahimi A. The effects of Spirulina supplementation on metabolic syndrome components, its liver manifestation and related inflammatory markers: a systematic review. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US) 2021.
In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). B vitamins and prevention of cognitive decline and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maternal vitamin B12 levels during pregnancy and their effects on maternal neurocognitive symptoms: a systematic review. The role of neurotropic B vitamins in nerve regeneration. Vitamin B12 deficiency – a 21st century perspective. Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin b12-compounds from edible algae. Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Kittaka-Katsura H, Ebara S, Miyamoto E.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. United states pharmacopeia safety evaluation of spirulina.
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